1. What was Wilson's 14th Point?
Wilson's 14th point stated that there should be a league of nations that would address problems before they led to war.
2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?
This treaty said that Germany could not have an army of more than 100 thousand men, and it could be only for defense purposes. This reduced the size of their army drastically.
3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?
-Forced Germany to take sole responsibility for the war, which made them pay lost of money which they did not have.
-Germany lost all colonies in the Pacific
4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?
He thought that it threatened the European policy of isolationism. He thought that the constitutional right of congress to declare war should be included in the treaty.
5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?
He delivered too many speeches, and dropped 13 of the 14 points.
6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?
He jumped on the idea that they had not actually lost the war, because there was no definitive battle or treaty, it just ended. So he adopted the idea that they needed revenge, and at the time that sounded good to the Germans because they did not think they lost the war.
7. Who is George Clemenceau?
He was a french premier who was determined to stop further invasions of France by the Germans.
8. Who is David Lloyd George?
He was the British Prime minister. His slogan was, "MAKE GERMANY PAY"
9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.
Russia did not go to the peace conference.
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
Friday, December 11, 2009
WWI - The War at Home
What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws?
1. War Industries Board - Put price control onto their products and in wartime they doubled their prices.
2. Railroad Administration - They watched over the railroads and they could raise the prices if they needed too.
3. Fuel Administration - Watched over fuel production, could raise the prices on fuel if needed.
4. National War Labor Board - This was a board that nixon created to punish people who refuesed to obey decisions made by the board. They also worked on the conditions of the workers in the factories, and also made sure that child labor did not exhist anymore.
5. Food Administration - They accomplished conserving food so that the country would not run out, and also encouraged people having their own farms so that they would be able to grow their own food and be self sustaining.
6. Committee on Public Information - The committee on Public Information encouraged American things such as patriotism and also shut down protests saying that the draft was illegal and unconstitutional.
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts - Said that anyone who opposed the war would be fined and put in jail if they spoke out against the war when free speach was not allowed.
Briefly explain why Bernard M. Baruch and George Creel are significant historical figures.
1. War Industries Board - Put price control onto their products and in wartime they doubled their prices.
2. Railroad Administration - They watched over the railroads and they could raise the prices if they needed too.
3. Fuel Administration - Watched over fuel production, could raise the prices on fuel if needed.
4. National War Labor Board - This was a board that nixon created to punish people who refuesed to obey decisions made by the board. They also worked on the conditions of the workers in the factories, and also made sure that child labor did not exhist anymore.
5. Food Administration - They accomplished conserving food so that the country would not run out, and also encouraged people having their own farms so that they would be able to grow their own food and be self sustaining.
6. Committee on Public Information - The committee on Public Information encouraged American things such as patriotism and also shut down protests saying that the draft was illegal and unconstitutional.
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts - Said that anyone who opposed the war would be fined and put in jail if they spoke out against the war when free speach was not allowed.
Briefly explain why Bernard M. Baruch and George Creel are significant historical figures.
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
World War I Begins
1. What are the four main causes of World War I? Give an example for each as to why it was a cause.
1.Nationalism: Caused Austria-Hungary to be rivals for influence over Serbia, and it led to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nations
2.Imperialism: Colonies supplied the European imperial powers with raw materials and provided markets for manufactured goods. As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain in the contest for colonies.
3.Militarism: France Italy Japan The US Germany and Britain all competed to try and have the most military forces, and so they were much readier for war.
4:Alliance System: When Germany went to war with Serbia all the countries in the alliances were forced to also declare war on each other, creating World War I.
2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?
The assasination touched off a diplomatic crisis. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared what was expected to be a short war against Serbia. The alliance system pulled one nation after another into conflict.
3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?
Within a few months of fighting at the first Battle of the Somme, the British suffered 60,000 casualties on the first day alone, and the final casualties numbered about 1.2 million.
4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?
The United States wanted to stay out of the war because Americans saw no point to join a struggle 3 thousand miles away and it posed no threat to American lives or property.
5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.
Naturalized citizens opposed the U.S. participation in the war because they all had ties with the nations that they came from. Socialists opposed U.S. participation in the war because they criticized the war as a capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and England to control markets and colonies in China, Africa, and the Middle East. Pacifists opposed the war because pacifists dont support war, and Parents didnt support the US participating in the war because they simply did not want their sons to experience the horrors of warfare.
6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?
Germany responded to the British naval blockade of its ports with a counterblockade by U-boats. Any British or Allied ship found in the waters around Britain would be sunk. The U.S.'s response after some of its people were killed was to convince Germany to stop its tactics and that if the United States could not persuade Britain to lift its blockade against food and fertilizers, Germany would consider renewing its unrestricted submarine warfare.
7. What forced the United States into the war?
The Germans ignored Wilsons calls for peace and stated that the U-boats would sink all the ships in British waters-hostile or neutral- on sight. The German decision meant that the United States would have to go to war.
1.Nationalism: Caused Austria-Hungary to be rivals for influence over Serbia, and it led to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nations
2.Imperialism: Colonies supplied the European imperial powers with raw materials and provided markets for manufactured goods. As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain in the contest for colonies.
3.Militarism: France Italy Japan The US Germany and Britain all competed to try and have the most military forces, and so they were much readier for war.
4:Alliance System: When Germany went to war with Serbia all the countries in the alliances were forced to also declare war on each other, creating World War I.
2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?
The assasination touched off a diplomatic crisis. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared what was expected to be a short war against Serbia. The alliance system pulled one nation after another into conflict.
3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?
Within a few months of fighting at the first Battle of the Somme, the British suffered 60,000 casualties on the first day alone, and the final casualties numbered about 1.2 million.
4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?
The United States wanted to stay out of the war because Americans saw no point to join a struggle 3 thousand miles away and it posed no threat to American lives or property.
5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.
Naturalized citizens opposed the U.S. participation in the war because they all had ties with the nations that they came from. Socialists opposed U.S. participation in the war because they criticized the war as a capitalist and imperialist struggle between Germany and England to control markets and colonies in China, Africa, and the Middle East. Pacifists opposed the war because pacifists dont support war, and Parents didnt support the US participating in the war because they simply did not want their sons to experience the horrors of warfare.
6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?
Germany responded to the British naval blockade of its ports with a counterblockade by U-boats. Any British or Allied ship found in the waters around Britain would be sunk. The U.S.'s response after some of its people were killed was to convince Germany to stop its tactics and that if the United States could not persuade Britain to lift its blockade against food and fertilizers, Germany would consider renewing its unrestricted submarine warfare.
7. What forced the United States into the war?
The Germans ignored Wilsons calls for peace and stated that the U-boats would sink all the ships in British waters-hostile or neutral- on sight. The German decision meant that the United States would have to go to war.
Tuesday, November 17, 2009
America as a World Power
1. What role did President Roosevelt play in ending the Russo-Japanese War?
Roosevelt mediated in the settlement of the Russo-Japanese War. He was approached by Japanese officials and asked secretly to mediate peace negotiations. The delegates from Russia and Japan met in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Roosevelt persuaded Japan to accept half of Sakhalin Island and forgo the Cash payment. In exchange Russia agreed to let Japan take over Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea. This won Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
Many Americans felt that the US needed a canal cutting across Central America. It would greatly reduce travel time for commercial and military ships by providing a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 Britain gave the US exclusive rights to build and control a canal through Central America. Before building the canal, America had to get permission from Columbia because the route crossed through a province of Columbia. The negotiations broke down and a rebellion was held against Columbia. Panama declared its independance, and America built its canal.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the United States would now use force to protect its economic interest in Latin America.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
Taft used Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Corollary on Nicaragua by arranging for American bankers to loan Nicaragua enough money to pay its debts. In return, the bankers were given the right to recover their money by collecting Nicaragua's customs duties. The US bankers also gained control of Nicaragua's state-owned railroad system and its national bank.
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
Woodrow Wilson invaded Mexico because he was given the oppurtunity to because one of Huerta's officers arrested a small group of American sailors in Tampico, on Mexico's eastern shore.
6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
-Expanded its access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy. Example:Panama Canal
-Built a modern navy to protect its interest abroad. Example: Panama Canal made naval passage easier between Atlantic and Pacific
-Exercised its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America. Example: Using Dollar Diplomacy in Nicaragua
Roosevelt mediated in the settlement of the Russo-Japanese War. He was approached by Japanese officials and asked secretly to mediate peace negotiations. The delegates from Russia and Japan met in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Roosevelt persuaded Japan to accept half of Sakhalin Island and forgo the Cash payment. In exchange Russia agreed to let Japan take over Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea. This won Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
Many Americans felt that the US needed a canal cutting across Central America. It would greatly reduce travel time for commercial and military ships by providing a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 Britain gave the US exclusive rights to build and control a canal through Central America. Before building the canal, America had to get permission from Columbia because the route crossed through a province of Columbia. The negotiations broke down and a rebellion was held against Columbia. Panama declared its independance, and America built its canal.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the United States would now use force to protect its economic interest in Latin America.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
Taft used Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Corollary on Nicaragua by arranging for American bankers to loan Nicaragua enough money to pay its debts. In return, the bankers were given the right to recover their money by collecting Nicaragua's customs duties. The US bankers also gained control of Nicaragua's state-owned railroad system and its national bank.
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
Woodrow Wilson invaded Mexico because he was given the oppurtunity to because one of Huerta's officers arrested a small group of American sailors in Tampico, on Mexico's eastern shore.
6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
-Expanded its access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy. Example:Panama Canal
-Built a modern navy to protect its interest abroad. Example: Panama Canal made naval passage easier between Atlantic and Pacific
-Exercised its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America. Example: Using Dollar Diplomacy in Nicaragua
Monday, November 2, 2009
Spanish-American War
Questions for Part II—The Spanish-American War
1. What connections did the U.S. have to Cuba in the late 1800s? List at least two.
1. We had 50 million dollars invested in the island's sugar industry.
2. We were the largest consumer of Cuban Sugar.
2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps”?
The Spanish Reconcentration camps were towns that hundreds of thousands of cubans were herded into that were policed by Spanish trorops. They lacked adequate food, housing, and sanitation.
3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a. Yellow Journalism
b. The explosion of the USS Maine
c. De Lome letter
4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?
I beleive the De Lome letter was the most important reason because it was the thing that finally tipped the scales and made us go to war with Spain. It was an insult to our president, which offended the American people as well as him. The newspapers blew it out of porportion saying it was the worst insult to America in its history.
5. What did the Teller Amendment say?
The Teller Amendment said that the US had no interest in asserting "sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control" over Cuba and promised to, "leave the government and control of the island to its people" once peace was restored.
6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?
A portion of the Spanish-American war was fought in the Philippines because the Spanish fleet was based in the Philippines.
7. Dewey's victory in the Philippines sparked an outpouring of pride in the United States.
8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?
Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders wanted to fight in Cuba because of the win in the Philippines in Manila Harbor.
9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
Many African-Americans were eager to serve in the Spanish-American War because they saw the war as an opportunity to elevate the status of blacks in the US. They hoped that black participation in the fighting would win the African-American community new respect and chip away at the wall of discrimination.
b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?
They were the most elite of the units and yet they were denied promotion into the officer corps. Also, the black volunteers were not given the chance to fight in Cuba.
10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.
Racism influenced the American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines because it made the American people think that the people inhabiting these places were savage animals, who were very uncivilized. These opinions were backed by scientific racism, which said that their people were greatly inferior to the whites in the United States. It also caused many American leaders to doubt that the blacks and asians in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines could be a force for progress.
a.We did not beleive that Cuba could form a democracy all on its own.
b.Cuban rebels needed guidance in their affairs.
1. What connections did the U.S. have to Cuba in the late 1800s? List at least two.
1. We had 50 million dollars invested in the island's sugar industry.
2. We were the largest consumer of Cuban Sugar.
2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps”?
The Spanish Reconcentration camps were towns that hundreds of thousands of cubans were herded into that were policed by Spanish trorops. They lacked adequate food, housing, and sanitation.
3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a. Yellow Journalism
b. The explosion of the USS Maine
c. De Lome letter
4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?
I beleive the De Lome letter was the most important reason because it was the thing that finally tipped the scales and made us go to war with Spain. It was an insult to our president, which offended the American people as well as him. The newspapers blew it out of porportion saying it was the worst insult to America in its history.
5. What did the Teller Amendment say?
The Teller Amendment said that the US had no interest in asserting "sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control" over Cuba and promised to, "leave the government and control of the island to its people" once peace was restored.
6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?
A portion of the Spanish-American war was fought in the Philippines because the Spanish fleet was based in the Philippines.
7. Dewey's victory in the Philippines sparked an outpouring of pride in the United States.
8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?
Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders wanted to fight in Cuba because of the win in the Philippines in Manila Harbor.
9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
Many African-Americans were eager to serve in the Spanish-American War because they saw the war as an opportunity to elevate the status of blacks in the US. They hoped that black participation in the fighting would win the African-American community new respect and chip away at the wall of discrimination.
b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?
They were the most elite of the units and yet they were denied promotion into the officer corps. Also, the black volunteers were not given the chance to fight in Cuba.
10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.
Racism influenced the American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines because it made the American people think that the people inhabiting these places were savage animals, who were very uncivilized. These opinions were backed by scientific racism, which said that their people were greatly inferior to the whites in the United States. It also caused many American leaders to doubt that the blacks and asians in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines could be a force for progress.
a.We did not beleive that Cuba could form a democracy all on its own.
b.Cuban rebels needed guidance in their affairs.
Thursday, October 29, 2009
Imperialism: The Origins of a Global Power
1. Why did American plantation owners and U.S. Marines topple Hawaii’s queen in 1893? Why was Hawaii considered to be a valuable prize? What was President Grover Cleveland’s reaction? Do you agree or disagree with his quote on page 1?
-American plantation owners and U.S. Marines toppled Hawaii's queen because they favored bringing the islands officially under U.S. control.
-President Grover Cleveland's reaction was that he withdrew the treaty because he believed that the annexation would corrupt traditional American values of freedom and equality. He also opposed Hawaii's new leaders, who in his mind had unjustly deprived the Hawaiian queen of her throne.
-I do not agree with his quote because i believe that we needed Hawaii and we shouldn't have to worry about the welfare of the Hawaiians. Most of the economy was dominated by American sugar plantation owners anyway.
2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?
-Change: Massive land acquisitions to the west Effect: held resources that increased the country's wealth and as a result the US built up significant economic and political power.
-Change: Immigration Effect: Broadened America's ethnic diversity.
-Change: Urban Growth Effect: overburdened transportation systems, inadequate sanitation, rising crime, substandard housing and political corruption. It also cause agriculture to slip from its central place in American society.
-Change: Trade Effect: huge numbers of goods that other countries valued were being made by the immigrants, which increased the annual value of American exports exponentially.
-Change: 1893 Depression Effect: Bankrupcy of two major railroads, new yourk stock echange tumbled, many people went bankrupt, millions of americans lost their jobs
3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
It deepened the divisions in American society by making the workers realize how vulnerable they were in an economy based on industry and manufacturing. It was the actual americans that suffered the most during the depression.
4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?
The values attached to the frontier were resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism, and patriotism. Many feared that closing the frontier would harm America's national character because they viewed it as the American identity. It also had fueled the country's economic growth.
5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
Some Americans suggested greater involvement overseas because of the fear about the changing American character and the belief in American power combined to convince some people that a more aggressive approach to dealing with other nations would be the best way to ensure the continued economic success of the US. They believed that expansion would fuel economic growth.
6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?
Expansionists thought creating some ports to open doors to new foreign markets would be sufficient but imperialists believed that the course of history was pointing abroad.
7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?
-Social Darwinism explained differences among the world's racial and ethnic groups in terms of evolution. It was survival of the fittest and the social Darwinist believed that we had demonstrated our superiority. Scientific racism showed that mental abilites and persnality traits were racial characteristics. Whites were considered superior to the other races. They are still used today with discrimination of people because of their race or sexuality.
8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?
Many protestant churches said America's role in the world should be to lift up the downtrodden of other nations.
9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations.
The US became involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century because we wanted to stabilize them so that trade would be safe. We became involved with Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations so that we could get safe fueling points to facilitate trade.
10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?
The US was concerned about British involvement in Venezuela because we thought they were bullying them, and it shared a border with the British colony of Guiana and held large deposits of god. Olney did not want Britain or any other European countries to get the idea they could carve up Latin America for colonies as they had recently done in Africa. Such action would prevent the US from expanding its own commercial ties to Latin America.
-American plantation owners and U.S. Marines toppled Hawaii's queen because they favored bringing the islands officially under U.S. control.
-President Grover Cleveland's reaction was that he withdrew the treaty because he believed that the annexation would corrupt traditional American values of freedom and equality. He also opposed Hawaii's new leaders, who in his mind had unjustly deprived the Hawaiian queen of her throne.
-I do not agree with his quote because i believe that we needed Hawaii and we shouldn't have to worry about the welfare of the Hawaiians. Most of the economy was dominated by American sugar plantation owners anyway.
2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?
-Change: Massive land acquisitions to the west Effect: held resources that increased the country's wealth and as a result the US built up significant economic and political power.
-Change: Immigration Effect: Broadened America's ethnic diversity.
-Change: Urban Growth Effect: overburdened transportation systems, inadequate sanitation, rising crime, substandard housing and political corruption. It also cause agriculture to slip from its central place in American society.
-Change: Trade Effect: huge numbers of goods that other countries valued were being made by the immigrants, which increased the annual value of American exports exponentially.
-Change: 1893 Depression Effect: Bankrupcy of two major railroads, new yourk stock echange tumbled, many people went bankrupt, millions of americans lost their jobs
3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
It deepened the divisions in American society by making the workers realize how vulnerable they were in an economy based on industry and manufacturing. It was the actual americans that suffered the most during the depression.
4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?
The values attached to the frontier were resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism, and patriotism. Many feared that closing the frontier would harm America's national character because they viewed it as the American identity. It also had fueled the country's economic growth.
5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
Some Americans suggested greater involvement overseas because of the fear about the changing American character and the belief in American power combined to convince some people that a more aggressive approach to dealing with other nations would be the best way to ensure the continued economic success of the US. They believed that expansion would fuel economic growth.
6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?
Expansionists thought creating some ports to open doors to new foreign markets would be sufficient but imperialists believed that the course of history was pointing abroad.
7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?
-Social Darwinism explained differences among the world's racial and ethnic groups in terms of evolution. It was survival of the fittest and the social Darwinist believed that we had demonstrated our superiority. Scientific racism showed that mental abilites and persnality traits were racial characteristics. Whites were considered superior to the other races. They are still used today with discrimination of people because of their race or sexuality.
8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?
Many protestant churches said America's role in the world should be to lift up the downtrodden of other nations.
9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations.
The US became involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century because we wanted to stabilize them so that trade would be safe. We became involved with Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations so that we could get safe fueling points to facilitate trade.
10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?
The US was concerned about British involvement in Venezuela because we thought they were bullying them, and it shared a border with the British colony of Guiana and held large deposits of god. Olney did not want Britain or any other European countries to get the idea they could carve up Latin America for colonies as they had recently done in Africa. Such action would prevent the US from expanding its own commercial ties to Latin America.
Sunday, October 25, 2009
Spanish-American War
Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?
1. American business owners- The american-people felt sympathetic toward the Cubans, and the business owners wanted the sugar plantations because it was rich in natural resources and full of new markets.
2. José Martí - he launched a revolution in 1895 and organized Cuban resistance against Spain, using an active guerilla campaign and deliberately destroying property, especially American-owned sugar mills and plantations. He counted on provoking US intervention to help achieve a free Cuba.
3. Valeriano Weyler - Was sent to Cuba to restore order. He fueled a war over newspaper circulation by imprisoning cubans in concentration camps.
4. Yellow journalism - It exaggerated the news to lure and enrage readers, which fanned war fever.
5. De Lôme letter - The De Lome Letter got Americans angered over the fact that their president was insulted by the Spanish minister. They found out about it because it was published in the New York Journal.
6. U.S.S. Maine - It was played up to make the American people think that the Spanish blew up the ship, and to make it seem like an act of war so that we could declare war on Spain.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba - Cuba is released from Spain
8. Puerto Rico - IS given to the US
9. Guam - It is given to the US
10. Philippine Islands - US buys for 20 million
1. American business owners- The american-people felt sympathetic toward the Cubans, and the business owners wanted the sugar plantations because it was rich in natural resources and full of new markets.
2. José Martí - he launched a revolution in 1895 and organized Cuban resistance against Spain, using an active guerilla campaign and deliberately destroying property, especially American-owned sugar mills and plantations. He counted on provoking US intervention to help achieve a free Cuba.
3. Valeriano Weyler - Was sent to Cuba to restore order. He fueled a war over newspaper circulation by imprisoning cubans in concentration camps.
4. Yellow journalism - It exaggerated the news to lure and enrage readers, which fanned war fever.
5. De Lôme letter - The De Lome Letter got Americans angered over the fact that their president was insulted by the Spanish minister. They found out about it because it was published in the New York Journal.
6. U.S.S. Maine - It was played up to make the American people think that the Spanish blew up the ship, and to make it seem like an act of war so that we could declare war on Spain.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba - Cuba is released from Spain
8. Puerto Rico - IS given to the US
9. Guam - It is given to the US
10. Philippine Islands - US buys for 20 million
Friday, October 23, 2009
US Imperialism Begins
1. Name at least five factors that fueled American Imperialism.
Five factors that fueled American Imperialism were desire for military strength, thirst for new markets, beleif in cultural superiority, global competition and technological advances.
2. Choose two of the above five factors and describe them in your own words.
The factor for military strength was that the american people wanted more navel ports such as Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the thirst for new markets was brought about by investors who wanted the new things that other places in the world had to offer. For instance Alaska had many natural resources, which is the main reason we bought it. Also with the new forms of transportation these resources could be brought back to the states much easier and efficiently.
3. What was known as “Seward’s Folly” and why?
Alaska was known as "Seward's Folly" or "Sewards Icebox" because the American people did not beleive we could gain anything from it. It turned out that Alaska was an abundant source of natural resources.
4. What plantation-based product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii’s wealth in the mid-19th century and who controlled this product?
The sugar product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii's wealth in the mid-19th century, and it was American-Owned.
6. Using as much detail as possible, outline the sequence of events that led to America gaining possession of Hawaii? In other words, why was the United States interested in these Pacific islands?
The US was so intered in Hawaii because it is in the center of the Pacific Ocean, meaning that if we owned it we controlled the Pacific. It was also a coal station for our steam ships, and was also a good place for a military base. Mahan said that Hawaii was ripe for the picking and he wanted it because of its military importance, and because we could use Pearl Harbor.
Five factors that fueled American Imperialism were desire for military strength, thirst for new markets, beleif in cultural superiority, global competition and technological advances.
2. Choose two of the above five factors and describe them in your own words.
The factor for military strength was that the american people wanted more navel ports such as Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the thirst for new markets was brought about by investors who wanted the new things that other places in the world had to offer. For instance Alaska had many natural resources, which is the main reason we bought it. Also with the new forms of transportation these resources could be brought back to the states much easier and efficiently.
3. What was known as “Seward’s Folly” and why?
Alaska was known as "Seward's Folly" or "Sewards Icebox" because the American people did not beleive we could gain anything from it. It turned out that Alaska was an abundant source of natural resources.
4. What plantation-based product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii’s wealth in the mid-19th century and who controlled this product?
The sugar product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii's wealth in the mid-19th century, and it was American-Owned.
6. Using as much detail as possible, outline the sequence of events that led to America gaining possession of Hawaii? In other words, why was the United States interested in these Pacific islands?
The US was so intered in Hawaii because it is in the center of the Pacific Ocean, meaning that if we owned it we controlled the Pacific. It was also a coal station for our steam ships, and was also a good place for a military base. Mahan said that Hawaii was ripe for the picking and he wanted it because of its military importance, and because we could use Pearl Harbor.
Friday, October 16, 2009
Child Labor Reform Photographs
Objective Assessment
As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.
Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?
Subjective Assessment
What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.
Photograph A
-Girl is in a cotton mill
-She runs 4 sides
-She is wearing worn out clothes
Lives of children were tough at the time, they were not treated well and they were not payed well
Photograph B
-Girls are in Macon, Georgia somewhere outside
-Their clothes look old and very used, which shows that they work hard and do not make much because they cannot afford to buy new clothes
Where were these girls working? You can infer that they work hard, they are not fed well because they are very skinny, and work under hard conditions because they look tired and unhappy
Photograph C
-The girl is working in a cotton mill, you can tell because of the machinery that surrounds her
-You can see the machinery that she uses
-Her clothes are very simple, and similar to the other childrens clothes
You can infer from this picture that she is not very happy, judging by the look on her face. She also looks tired and you can infer that she lives a hard life. She is not the only young girl in the place though, because in the notes it says there were many young girls at the mill that just "happened in" or were "Helping a sister", which was obviously just an excuse because they were way to young to work
Photograph D
-The young boy is outside in Saint louis, MO.
-He is selling newspapers, and you can tell because he is holding them and in the notes it calls the young boy a newsie
-His clothes look old and they look as if they were very cheap. His hat is too small for his head as well.
Why was the boy working outside? You can infer that he is not very happy, because he looks quite miserable. His facial expression shows his struggle, and shows that he lives a hard life. He looks as if he has been on that point on the street for a while, and he is just being ignored by the people.
Photograph E
-The boys are working in a cole company in PA
-The boys are wearing a simple jacket and some are wearing hats. This shows that they do not get payed very much money because they cannot afford to buy nice clothing
What were the boys doing with the cole? Were they sorting it? A few things that you can infer is that the working conditions were not good, and that they were mistreated by the slave drivers that were watching them. These accusations are confirmed by the photographers notes as well. you can also infer their pay is not very good because of their cheap clothing.
Photograph F
-The boys are working in a glass factory, you can tell because they are surrounded by glass and materials that they would use to blow glass.
-The boys are wearing suspenders and dirty white shirts. Their clothes reveal that they were doing much manual labor, and some of the boys clothing is tattered which means that they were working hard and could not afford to buy new clothing
What are the tools that they are using? What is the machinery surrounding them? You can infer that they work hard because their clothes are dirty and torn. You can infer that they work long hours because they were staring work at 9 in the morning. You can also infer that their pay was not very high, because they could not afford to replace their dirty and torn clothing.
Photograph G
-The people are surrounding a big crate of oysters, and small tins which they put the shells of the oysters when they shuck them.
-The people, both young and old, have oyster shucking tools such as knives to break open the shell
Some questions i have about these photographs are, Did the women have to bring their smaller children to work? Why are they there? and What are they using to shuck the oysters? A few things you can infer about the lives of these children are they were probably tired and worn out from their long workdays, making them prone to catching diseases in the cramped environments they worked in. You can also infer that their families need money, and thats one reason they are working. Also, their hands would probably get cut up and scarred from this manual labor.
Photograph H
-The picture shows children walking into a factory at night to start the night shift. Most of them look like they haven't even hit their teens yet.
-You do not see any tools or objects because they are just beginning to go to work, and have not started yet
-They are wearing warm clothing, which shows the place was probably not heated and they had to work through the cold winter months through the bitter weather
Some questions i have are What kind of factory are they working at? A few things you can infer from the picture and its notes are that the working conditions are poor because they come home soaked and cold. They do not get payed much for every hour as they only make 84 cents per night. Also, their lives at home were not much better, as in the notes it says that the father of one of 5 of the girls stayed home and lounged about.
As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.
Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?
Subjective Assessment
What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.
Photograph A
-Girl is in a cotton mill
-She runs 4 sides
-She is wearing worn out clothes
Lives of children were tough at the time, they were not treated well and they were not payed well
Photograph B
-Girls are in Macon, Georgia somewhere outside
-Their clothes look old and very used, which shows that they work hard and do not make much because they cannot afford to buy new clothes
Where were these girls working? You can infer that they work hard, they are not fed well because they are very skinny, and work under hard conditions because they look tired and unhappy
Photograph C
-The girl is working in a cotton mill, you can tell because of the machinery that surrounds her
-You can see the machinery that she uses
-Her clothes are very simple, and similar to the other childrens clothes
You can infer from this picture that she is not very happy, judging by the look on her face. She also looks tired and you can infer that she lives a hard life. She is not the only young girl in the place though, because in the notes it says there were many young girls at the mill that just "happened in" or were "Helping a sister", which was obviously just an excuse because they were way to young to work
Photograph D
-The young boy is outside in Saint louis, MO.
-He is selling newspapers, and you can tell because he is holding them and in the notes it calls the young boy a newsie
-His clothes look old and they look as if they were very cheap. His hat is too small for his head as well.
Why was the boy working outside? You can infer that he is not very happy, because he looks quite miserable. His facial expression shows his struggle, and shows that he lives a hard life. He looks as if he has been on that point on the street for a while, and he is just being ignored by the people.
Photograph E
-The boys are working in a cole company in PA
-The boys are wearing a simple jacket and some are wearing hats. This shows that they do not get payed very much money because they cannot afford to buy nice clothing
What were the boys doing with the cole? Were they sorting it? A few things that you can infer is that the working conditions were not good, and that they were mistreated by the slave drivers that were watching them. These accusations are confirmed by the photographers notes as well. you can also infer their pay is not very good because of their cheap clothing.
Photograph F
-The boys are working in a glass factory, you can tell because they are surrounded by glass and materials that they would use to blow glass.
-The boys are wearing suspenders and dirty white shirts. Their clothes reveal that they were doing much manual labor, and some of the boys clothing is tattered which means that they were working hard and could not afford to buy new clothing
What are the tools that they are using? What is the machinery surrounding them? You can infer that they work hard because their clothes are dirty and torn. You can infer that they work long hours because they were staring work at 9 in the morning. You can also infer that their pay was not very high, because they could not afford to replace their dirty and torn clothing.
Photograph G
-The people are surrounding a big crate of oysters, and small tins which they put the shells of the oysters when they shuck them.
-The people, both young and old, have oyster shucking tools such as knives to break open the shell
Some questions i have about these photographs are, Did the women have to bring their smaller children to work? Why are they there? and What are they using to shuck the oysters? A few things you can infer about the lives of these children are they were probably tired and worn out from their long workdays, making them prone to catching diseases in the cramped environments they worked in. You can also infer that their families need money, and thats one reason they are working. Also, their hands would probably get cut up and scarred from this manual labor.
Photograph H
-The picture shows children walking into a factory at night to start the night shift. Most of them look like they haven't even hit their teens yet.
-You do not see any tools or objects because they are just beginning to go to work, and have not started yet
-They are wearing warm clothing, which shows the place was probably not heated and they had to work through the cold winter months through the bitter weather
Some questions i have are What kind of factory are they working at? A few things you can infer from the picture and its notes are that the working conditions are poor because they come home soaked and cold. They do not get payed much for every hour as they only make 84 cents per night. Also, their lives at home were not much better, as in the notes it says that the father of one of 5 of the girls stayed home and lounged about.
Thursday, October 15, 2009
Progressive Era Presidents Taft and Wilson
1. How did William Howard Taft get selected to run for president?
William Taft was picked by Roosevelt to run for the Republican party because Roosevelt pledged not to run for reelection in 1908.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
He came to oppose taft because after returning from Africa he decided to run for election in 1912. The Republican party was in shambles at the time.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
The split in the Republican Ranks helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912. Also, under his leadership the NJ legislature had past many reform measures and so as the Democratic nominee he endorsed a progressive platform called New Freedom.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
Wilson used the federal legislature to attack trusts and monopolies.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote. It won final ratification in August 1920.
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
Americas entry into WWI affected the reform movements because it distracted Americans and their legislators allowed the reform efforts to stall.
William Taft was picked by Roosevelt to run for the Republican party because Roosevelt pledged not to run for reelection in 1908.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
He came to oppose taft because after returning from Africa he decided to run for election in 1912. The Republican party was in shambles at the time.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
The split in the Republican Ranks helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912. Also, under his leadership the NJ legislature had past many reform measures and so as the Democratic nominee he endorsed a progressive platform called New Freedom.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
Wilson used the federal legislature to attack trusts and monopolies.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote. It won final ratification in August 1920.
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
Americas entry into WWI affected the reform movements because it distracted Americans and their legislators allowed the reform efforts to stall.
Monday, October 5, 2009
Urbanization
Chapter 15-2
1. What is Urbanization?
Urbanization was the growth of cities, mostly in teh regions of the Northeast and Midwest.
2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
Americans moved from the country to the cities because due to the rapid improvements in farming technology it meant that fewer workers were required to work the land. Rural workers had to move into cities to find whatever work they could.
3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
Many poor city dwellers faced the problems of either choosing a house on the outskirts of town, where they could encounter transportation problems, or renting cramped rooms in a boarding house in the center of the city. New row houses were designed to pack people into the blocks, and when the working class families left the central city and the immigrants moved in they began to fit two or three families per house.
1. What is Urbanization?
Urbanization was the growth of cities, mostly in teh regions of the Northeast and Midwest.
2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
Americans moved from the country to the cities because due to the rapid improvements in farming technology it meant that fewer workers were required to work the land. Rural workers had to move into cities to find whatever work they could.
3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
Many poor city dwellers faced the problems of either choosing a house on the outskirts of town, where they could encounter transportation problems, or renting cramped rooms in a boarding house in the center of the city. New row houses were designed to pack people into the blocks, and when the working class families left the central city and the immigrants moved in they began to fit two or three families per house.
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Immigration
1. Describe the causes of the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Some of the immigrants wanted to escape conditions in their countries such as famine, land shortages or prosecution. Other immigrants wanted to come and earn money and then return to their own countries. The Europeans left their country to escape religious prosecution and also the population double between 1800 and 1900 so there was a scarcity of land for farmers. The Chinese and Japanese came to seek fortune after the gold rush. Many people came from the West Indies because jobs there were scarce, and the industrial boom in the United States made it seem like there would be jobs for everyone
2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.
The journey the immigrants endured was very harsh, because almost all of them traveled by steamship. They traveled in the cheapest accommodations in a ship's cargo holds for trips that lasted from 1 to 3 weeks. They were crowded together in the cargo hold and were not let out for exercise or fresh air. Most of the time they had to share bathrooms with many other people and were crowded into bunks. Due to the conditions disease easily spread throughout the people, and some of them died. Their experiences in the United States were not much better. Before they even got into the United States they had to pass inspection at the immigration stations. In the immigration station on Ellis Island, about 1/5 of the immigrants were detained there for a day, but only about 2 percent were denied. They had to pass a physical examination and had to report to a government inspector. On Another station on Angel Island, where primarily the Chinese came through, the immigrants endured harsh interrogations and long detentions in buildings under horrible conditions while they waited to see if they would be admitted into the United States.
Some of the immigrants wanted to escape conditions in their countries such as famine, land shortages or prosecution. Other immigrants wanted to come and earn money and then return to their own countries. The Europeans left their country to escape religious prosecution and also the population double between 1800 and 1900 so there was a scarcity of land for farmers. The Chinese and Japanese came to seek fortune after the gold rush. Many people came from the West Indies because jobs there were scarce, and the industrial boom in the United States made it seem like there would be jobs for everyone
2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.
The journey the immigrants endured was very harsh, because almost all of them traveled by steamship. They traveled in the cheapest accommodations in a ship's cargo holds for trips that lasted from 1 to 3 weeks. They were crowded together in the cargo hold and were not let out for exercise or fresh air. Most of the time they had to share bathrooms with many other people and were crowded into bunks. Due to the conditions disease easily spread throughout the people, and some of them died. Their experiences in the United States were not much better. Before they even got into the United States they had to pass inspection at the immigration stations. In the immigration station on Ellis Island, about 1/5 of the immigrants were detained there for a day, but only about 2 percent were denied. They had to pass a physical examination and had to report to a government inspector. On Another station on Angel Island, where primarily the Chinese came through, the immigrants endured harsh interrogations and long detentions in buildings under horrible conditions while they waited to see if they would be admitted into the United States.
Monday, September 21, 2009
Big Bussiness and Labor Quiz
The effects of Social Darwinism and the Lassiez Faire on laborers in the 19th century were that the employers felt they could treat the employees like dirt, and the government could not do anything about it. The Lassiez Faire was the beleif that industry was not man made, and so could not be ruled over by men, which was terrible for the laborers because it made it so there were no policies over working conditions or hours and pay. Social Darwinism was the belief that poor people were lazy and weak and the rich were strong, and it was survival of the fittest. These ideas made it so the employers felt that what they were doing was not wrong, because it was not the employers fault the laborers were in the position they were in.
Sunday, September 20, 2009
Labor Unions & Big Business
* Identify each of the following events or people. Give an explanation or description of the item. Answer the questions who, what, where, and when.
* Explain the historical significance of each item in the space provided. Establish the historical context in which the item exists. Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study. Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
The Knights of Labor
a. Identification - It was a labor union, and the only broad based labor organization that survived the depression. It was founded in the 1860's in Philadelphia by garment cutters.
b. Significance - The knights of labor welcomed women, African-Americans, immigrants and unskilled and semi-skilled workers, and was the only broad-based labor organization to survive the depression. It was created because of the anxiety over the loss of independence and the desire for better wages, hours, and working conditions. They wanted in the future for every man to be his own employer. The consequences were that violence began to break out, and when Powderly denounced radicalism and violence smaller militant craft unions left and the number of members dwindled.
The Haymarket riot
a. Identification - The haymarket riot was when labor groups rallied at Haymarket square, near downtown Chicago, to protest police brutality. When police showed up a bomb went off near them and 7 were killed, 67 injured. This happened in May of 1886.
b. Significance - The significance of the Haymarket riot was that it drew attention to the discontent of laborers and revived the middle-class fear of radicalism. This riot was a result of all the growing tension between labor unions and the companies who were forcing them to work under such horrible conditions. The result of the haymarket riot was that the anarchists created a sense of crisis and forced a military base to be made at Fort Sheridan. Police forces were also strengthened.
The American Federation of Labor
a. Identification - The AFL Emerged from the upheavals of these acts in 1886 as the major workers association. It was an alliance of national craft unions and had about 140,000 skilled laborers that started in America.
b. Significance - The AFL pressed for concrete goals such as higher wages, shorter hours, and the right to bargain collectively. They only fought for immediate objects that could be obtained within a few years, and unlike the Knights of Labor they accepted Industrialism, but had little interest in employing unskilled workers.
Samuel Gompers
a. Identification - He was an opportunistic immigrant who headed the Cigar Makers Union, and he lead the American Federation of Labor.
b. Significance - Gompers led the AFL to increase its members all the way up to 1 million by 1901 and 2.5 million by 1917. Gompers dictum was to support labors freinds and oppose labors enemies regardless of their party.
The Homestead strike
a. Identification - The homestead strike was when the AFL affiliated Almagamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers went on strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania.
b. Significance - The significance of the strike was that it stirred public fears of labor violence, and showed that the public would not stand by the violence of these strikes because public opinion was a against this strike due to the fact that an attempt on Henry Frick's life was made.
The Pullman strike
a. Identification - The Pullman strike was when in 1894 the workers of the Pullman Palace Car Company walked out in protest over exploitative policies at the company town in Chicago.
b. Significance - The strike was a result of Pullman exploiting the people by decreasing wages by 25 to 40 percent while keeping the rent and prices in the town the same. The workers joined the American Railway association, and they refused to use Pullman cars for they railways. Pullman did not give in, and the strikers were forced to go back to work after Grover Cleveland sent troops to Chicago due to Richard Olney obtaining a court injunction because the strikers were holding up the railways.
Eugene V. Debs
a. Identification - He was the leader of the American Railway Union who helped the strikers in the Pullman strike. He was sent to jail in 1894 and served six months for defying the court injunction.
b. Significance - The significance was that him being jailed showed the government would not tolerate these strikes. It also showed that the federal government had the power to remove obstacles to interstate commerce. He was helping with the Pullman strike because they were a part of his union. The result was that the government could jail union leaders under the grounds that they were holding up interstate commerce.
The Industrial Workers of the World
a. Identification - The IWW was a labor organization created by the miners in Colorado in 1905. It strove, like the the Knights of Labor to unify all laborers, including the unskilled who were excluded from the craft unions.
b. Significance - This organization was a result of the bitter strikes held by the Colorado miners in the West. The IWW led a series of strikes in 1905, of which their anti capitalist goals and aggressive tactics gave them great publicity. This Unions members never exceeded 150,000 people, and the organization faded after many of its leaders were sent to jail due to federal prosecution.
* Explain the historical significance of each item in the space provided. Establish the historical context in which the item exists. Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study. Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
The Knights of Labor
a. Identification - It was a labor union, and the only broad based labor organization that survived the depression. It was founded in the 1860's in Philadelphia by garment cutters.
b. Significance - The knights of labor welcomed women, African-Americans, immigrants and unskilled and semi-skilled workers, and was the only broad-based labor organization to survive the depression. It was created because of the anxiety over the loss of independence and the desire for better wages, hours, and working conditions. They wanted in the future for every man to be his own employer. The consequences were that violence began to break out, and when Powderly denounced radicalism and violence smaller militant craft unions left and the number of members dwindled.
The Haymarket riot
a. Identification - The haymarket riot was when labor groups rallied at Haymarket square, near downtown Chicago, to protest police brutality. When police showed up a bomb went off near them and 7 were killed, 67 injured. This happened in May of 1886.
b. Significance - The significance of the Haymarket riot was that it drew attention to the discontent of laborers and revived the middle-class fear of radicalism. This riot was a result of all the growing tension between labor unions and the companies who were forcing them to work under such horrible conditions. The result of the haymarket riot was that the anarchists created a sense of crisis and forced a military base to be made at Fort Sheridan. Police forces were also strengthened.
The American Federation of Labor
a. Identification - The AFL Emerged from the upheavals of these acts in 1886 as the major workers association. It was an alliance of national craft unions and had about 140,000 skilled laborers that started in America.
b. Significance - The AFL pressed for concrete goals such as higher wages, shorter hours, and the right to bargain collectively. They only fought for immediate objects that could be obtained within a few years, and unlike the Knights of Labor they accepted Industrialism, but had little interest in employing unskilled workers.
Samuel Gompers
a. Identification - He was an opportunistic immigrant who headed the Cigar Makers Union, and he lead the American Federation of Labor.
b. Significance - Gompers led the AFL to increase its members all the way up to 1 million by 1901 and 2.5 million by 1917. Gompers dictum was to support labors freinds and oppose labors enemies regardless of their party.
The Homestead strike
a. Identification - The homestead strike was when the AFL affiliated Almagamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers went on strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania.
b. Significance - The significance of the strike was that it stirred public fears of labor violence, and showed that the public would not stand by the violence of these strikes because public opinion was a against this strike due to the fact that an attempt on Henry Frick's life was made.
The Pullman strike
a. Identification - The Pullman strike was when in 1894 the workers of the Pullman Palace Car Company walked out in protest over exploitative policies at the company town in Chicago.
b. Significance - The strike was a result of Pullman exploiting the people by decreasing wages by 25 to 40 percent while keeping the rent and prices in the town the same. The workers joined the American Railway association, and they refused to use Pullman cars for they railways. Pullman did not give in, and the strikers were forced to go back to work after Grover Cleveland sent troops to Chicago due to Richard Olney obtaining a court injunction because the strikers were holding up the railways.
Eugene V. Debs
a. Identification - He was the leader of the American Railway Union who helped the strikers in the Pullman strike. He was sent to jail in 1894 and served six months for defying the court injunction.
b. Significance - The significance was that him being jailed showed the government would not tolerate these strikes. It also showed that the federal government had the power to remove obstacles to interstate commerce. He was helping with the Pullman strike because they were a part of his union. The result was that the government could jail union leaders under the grounds that they were holding up interstate commerce.
The Industrial Workers of the World
a. Identification - The IWW was a labor organization created by the miners in Colorado in 1905. It strove, like the the Knights of Labor to unify all laborers, including the unskilled who were excluded from the craft unions.
b. Significance - This organization was a result of the bitter strikes held by the Colorado miners in the West. The IWW led a series of strikes in 1905, of which their anti capitalist goals and aggressive tactics gave them great publicity. This Unions members never exceeded 150,000 people, and the organization faded after many of its leaders were sent to jail due to federal prosecution.
Tuesday, September 15, 2009
Railroad Development 2
Andrew Carnegie - Born in Scotland dirt poor, was one of the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune
Social Darwinism - grew out of the English naturalist Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution. His theories were used to explain the evolution of human society.
John D. Rockefeller - established corporations that joined with competing companies in trust agreements.
Sherman Antitrust Act - Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.
Samuel Gompers - Led the cigar makers international union to join with other crafts unions to form the American Federation of Labor.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)- Focused on collective bargaining, or the negotiation between representatives of labor and management, to reach written agreements on wages hours and working conditions.
Eugene V. Debs - formed an industrial union like the AFL, Called the ARU.
Industrial Workers of the World - formed by a group of radical unionists and socailists, and allowed african americans to join
Mary Harris Jones - The most prominent organizer of the womans labor movement.
Social Darwinism - grew out of the English naturalist Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution. His theories were used to explain the evolution of human society.
John D. Rockefeller - established corporations that joined with competing companies in trust agreements.
Sherman Antitrust Act - Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.
Samuel Gompers - Led the cigar makers international union to join with other crafts unions to form the American Federation of Labor.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)- Focused on collective bargaining, or the negotiation between representatives of labor and management, to reach written agreements on wages hours and working conditions.
Eugene V. Debs - formed an industrial union like the AFL, Called the ARU.
Industrial Workers of the World - formed by a group of radical unionists and socailists, and allowed african americans to join
Mary Harris Jones - The most prominent organizer of the womans labor movement.
Railroad Development
The federal government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads?
The government was so eager to promote the growth of the railroads because they were so critical for settling the west and developing the country. The railroads would keep the towns all connected, and make the trading industry prosper. The railroads brought the dreams of American citizens of adventure and a fresh start with the new land out west to fruition. The railroads linked previously isolated cities and towns together and promoted trade between them. The railroads also helped cities branch out, with towns beginning to specialize and help each other with materials.
The government was so eager to promote the growth of the railroads because they were so critical for settling the west and developing the country. The railroads would keep the towns all connected, and make the trading industry prosper. The railroads brought the dreams of American citizens of adventure and a fresh start with the new land out west to fruition. The railroads linked previously isolated cities and towns together and promoted trade between them. The railroads also helped cities branch out, with towns beginning to specialize and help each other with materials.
Sunday, September 13, 2009
Expansion of Industry
What were the three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War? Explain how two of these factors helped to bring about this technological boom.
The three major factors that contributed to the technological boom in the United States after the Civil War were the discovery of the wealth of natural resources, the governments support for business, and the growing urban population that provided both cheap labor and markets for new products. The discovery of the wealth of natural resources helped bring about the technological boom by giving people the resources to build and manufacture new products, and for the fuel for cars as well as the uses for oil and kerosene. A process was invented to create steel from the massive amounts of Iron present in the United States. The steel was used by the railroad industry as well as for new feats of architecture such as skyscrapers. The governments support for business led inventors to discover uses for electricity, and allowed them to inventive time-saving appliances. The discovery of electricity allowed manufacturers to locate their plants wherever they pleased, whereas before they needed to have by a source of power such as a river. Inventors also invented the light bulb, type writer and telephone spurred an increase in office jobs for women as well.
The three major factors that contributed to the technological boom in the United States after the Civil War were the discovery of the wealth of natural resources, the governments support for business, and the growing urban population that provided both cheap labor and markets for new products. The discovery of the wealth of natural resources helped bring about the technological boom by giving people the resources to build and manufacture new products, and for the fuel for cars as well as the uses for oil and kerosene. A process was invented to create steel from the massive amounts of Iron present in the United States. The steel was used by the railroad industry as well as for new feats of architecture such as skyscrapers. The governments support for business led inventors to discover uses for electricity, and allowed them to inventive time-saving appliances. The discovery of electricity allowed manufacturers to locate their plants wherever they pleased, whereas before they needed to have by a source of power such as a river. Inventors also invented the light bulb, type writer and telephone spurred an increase in office jobs for women as well.
Wednesday, September 9, 2009
Native Americans Westward Expansion
History Blog
1. What are some of the main reasons that the federal government's policy of assimilation failed?
Some of the main reasons that the federal governments policy of assimilation failed was that the white people viewed the Native Americans as uncivilized people. Although there were some native american sympathizers, most people disliked them and viewed them as savages. They lived very differently, hunting and gathering as a way of life, and the white people viewed this as caveman like activities. The government promised the native americans things which they did not keep, and some of the tribes slipped into poverty, not being able to live under the conditions. Others refused to stay in their land, because they didn’t believe the white people could own land. The white people took this badly, and battles occurred because of it.
2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Give examples to support your answer.
The government attempts to promote settlement in the Great Plains with the homestead act worked okay at first, with only 10 percent of the desired population moving in and the rest being private speculators and railroad and state government agens who took advantage of the program. When the Homestead act was strengthened and more encouragement granted almost settlers claimed 2 million acres in only a day.
Friday, September 4, 2009
Conflict in Iraq Q & A
Short Response
1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?
Kurds: the mountainous region of iraq known as Kurdistan
Shi'a:
Sunnis:
2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The Shi'a control the oil reserves in the south and the Kurds control the oil reserves in the north.
3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?
The main reason that Britain became involved in Iraq was because of the oil reserves.
4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
They encouraged the Iraqi government to sever ties to Britain.
5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?
He was able to gain power and popularity by modernizing Iraq's economy and implementing welfare programs. He used the money that came from the rapid increase in the price of oil to fund universal free education and create a good public health care system.
6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?
The United States got involved with the Iran Iraq war because the ydid not want a victory by Iran's Islamist government.
7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.
a. They were worried about how they could control a completely destabilized Iraq.
b. They objected to totally destroying Iraq's army that was retreating.
Extended Response:
8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?
Most Iraqis are muslim, and there are two branches of Islam practiced in Iraq. There and the Sunnis and the Shi'is. The groups are not ethnically different form each other but they split a long time ago over a disagreement over the rightful leader of Islam. The two groups interpreted the events of the life and times of the Mohammed differently, and they disagree on whether the succesion of the caliphs was legiatimate. It is important to understand the differences because it helps you understand the violence and the choices the United States are forced to make in Iraq.
Part II Questions:
Short Response
9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.
a. The weapons program in Iraq.
b. The sponsorship of terrorism.
10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?
a. To End Saddam Hussein's regime.
b. To uncover WMDs.
11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.
a. There is an abscense of effective government protection, and the Iraqi people are taking advantage of teh country's insecurity to take part in violence and kidnapping to make money.
b. Many Iraqis are angered at the presence of US soldiers in Iraq.
Extended Response:
12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)
Shi'a: The Shi'a do not want the Sunnis to Control the country again, and yet do not want to be ruled by foreigners, so they oppose the US occupation. The Shi'i militia are fighting each other because of disagreements over political and economic control of certan regions in Iraq.The goal of the Shi'a is to have Iraq be divided so they can control Iraq's richest oil fields.
Sunni: The Sunni only make up about 20 percent of the population of Iraq, and are concerned that Democracy will shut them out of the government.The goal of the Sunni is to stop the implementation of Democracy in Iraq and stop the Shi'a from controling the country.
Kurd: The Kurds do not want Sunni political power, and they want self determination for Kurdistan. .The goal of the Kurds is to have Kurdistan be a seperate country.
al Qaeda: .The goal of Al Qaeda is to foster sectarian violence in order to overthrow the Iraqu Government. Radical members want to establish a single Islamic state that would encompass countries across the region.
1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?
Kurds: the mountainous region of iraq known as Kurdistan
Shi'a:
Sunnis:
2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The Shi'a control the oil reserves in the south and the Kurds control the oil reserves in the north.
3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?
The main reason that Britain became involved in Iraq was because of the oil reserves.
4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
They encouraged the Iraqi government to sever ties to Britain.
5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?
He was able to gain power and popularity by modernizing Iraq's economy and implementing welfare programs. He used the money that came from the rapid increase in the price of oil to fund universal free education and create a good public health care system.
6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?
The United States got involved with the Iran Iraq war because the ydid not want a victory by Iran's Islamist government.
7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.
a. They were worried about how they could control a completely destabilized Iraq.
b. They objected to totally destroying Iraq's army that was retreating.
Extended Response:
8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?
Most Iraqis are muslim, and there are two branches of Islam practiced in Iraq. There and the Sunnis and the Shi'is. The groups are not ethnically different form each other but they split a long time ago over a disagreement over the rightful leader of Islam. The two groups interpreted the events of the life and times of the Mohammed differently, and they disagree on whether the succesion of the caliphs was legiatimate. It is important to understand the differences because it helps you understand the violence and the choices the United States are forced to make in Iraq.
Part II Questions:
Short Response
9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.
a. The weapons program in Iraq.
b. The sponsorship of terrorism.
10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?
a. To End Saddam Hussein's regime.
b. To uncover WMDs.
11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.
a. There is an abscense of effective government protection, and the Iraqi people are taking advantage of teh country's insecurity to take part in violence and kidnapping to make money.
b. Many Iraqis are angered at the presence of US soldiers in Iraq.
Extended Response:
12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)
Shi'a: The Shi'a do not want the Sunnis to Control the country again, and yet do not want to be ruled by foreigners, so they oppose the US occupation. The Shi'i militia are fighting each other because of disagreements over political and economic control of certan regions in Iraq.The goal of the Shi'a is to have Iraq be divided so they can control Iraq's richest oil fields.
Sunni: The Sunni only make up about 20 percent of the population of Iraq, and are concerned that Democracy will shut them out of the government.The goal of the Sunni is to stop the implementation of Democracy in Iraq and stop the Shi'a from controling the country.
Kurd: The Kurds do not want Sunni political power, and they want self determination for Kurdistan. .The goal of the Kurds is to have Kurdistan be a seperate country.
al Qaeda: .The goal of Al Qaeda is to foster sectarian violence in order to overthrow the Iraqu Government. Radical members want to establish a single Islamic state that would encompass countries across the region.
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